Bulletin No. 71 



T X 

55* 

Fs 



U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS, 

A. C. TRUE!. Director. 



DIETARY STUDIES OF NEGROES 



EASTERX "VIRGINIA. 

1897 and 1803. 

IT 

H. B. FPdSSELI. 1). L\. 
Principal of the Hampton Normal and Agrt&tltnral Imtitute, 



ISABEL BEVIEE, 

• of Chemistry at Lake Erie College. 



*u-. 




AVASHIXGTOX: 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 
16 9 9. 




Qass Tj fo I 
Book -ftf 



3^6- 
Bulletin No. 71. 

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 

OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS, 
A. C. TRUE, Director. 



<J-2-0 



DIETARY STUDIES OF NEGROES 

is - 

EASTERN VIRGINIA 



1897 and 1898. 

BY 

H. B. FRISSELL, L). D., 

Principal of ike Hampton Xormal and Agricultural Institute. 



ISABEL BEVIEE, 

Professor of Chemistry at Lake Erie College. 



M 




WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 
1S99. 



5 5 






LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL 



TJ. S. Department of Ageiccltttre, 

Office of Experiment Stations, 

Washington, I), C. } October 10, 1899. 
Sir : I have the honor to transmit herewith a report on dietary stud- 
ies made among the negroes of eastern Virginia in 1897 and 1898. 
The studies made in 1897 were conducted under the direction of H. B. 
Frissell. D. D., principal of the Hampton Normal and Agricultural 
Institute. They were confined to families living in the region border- 
ing the Dismal Swamp, where the style of living was very primitive 
and the income usually quite limited. The investigations in 1898 were 
conducted by ILiss Isabel Bevier, professor of chemistry at Lake Erie 
College. The region selected was in the neighborhood of Hampton, 
Va. Some of the families studied had been under the influence of the 
Hampton Institute and were quite well to do. Others had received no 
such training, and were believed to be fairly representative of negroes 
with very limited means and little or no education. 

These studies constitute a part of the nutrition investigations in 
charge of this Office. They were conducted under the immediate super- 
vision of Prof. W. O. Atwater, special agent in charge of nutrition 
investigations, in accordance with instructions given by the Director 
of this Office. In carrying on the work. Mr. W, F. Schultz rendered 
valuable assistance to Dr. Frissell in the collection of the statistics on 
which the studies are based. 

The report is respectfully submitted, with the recommendation that 
it be published as Bulletin So. 71 of this Office. 
Respectfully, 

A. 0. Teue. 

Director. 
Hon. James Wilson, 

Secretary of Agriculture. 

3 



CONTEXTS. 



Page. 

DlETART STUDIES AMONG THE NEGROES IN 1897 7 

Introduction 7 

General conditions 7 

Character of the food 8 

Waste 9 

Details of the dietary studios 9 

Explanation of tables 9 

Dietary studies of negro families uear Franklin, Ya 10 

Dietary study No. 211 10 

Dietary study No. 212 11 

Dietary study No. 213 12 

Dietary study No. 214 14 

Dietary study No. 215 15 

Dietary study No. 216 16 

Dietary study No. 217 17 

Dietary study No. 218 19 

Dietary study No. 219 20 

Dietary study No. 220 22 

Dietary study No. 221 23 

Dietary study No. 222 24 

Dietary studies among the negroes in 1S98 27 

Introduction 27 

Occupation 27 

Homes and surroundings of the families studied 28 

Bread 29 

Composition of food materials 30 

Waste 30 

Details of the dietary studies 30 

Dietary studies of negro families in or near Hampton, Ya 30 

Dietary study No. 234 30 

Dietary study No. 235 . , 32 

Dietary study No. 236 33 

Dietary study No. 237 34 

Dietary study No. 238 36 

Dietary study No. 239 36 

Dietary study No. 240 37 

Discussion of results 39 

Appendix , 43 

5 



ILLUSTRATIONS. 



Page. 
I'i viv I. Fig. L— HoilM of negro fanner's lainih (dietary study No. 212;. 
Fig. 2. Boom of negro (armor's family -dietary study N«>. 214). 
II. .ii-. ..i DOgro tanner's family (dietary study No. 216). 
;. Boose of negro farmer's familj (dietary study No. 217)... 10 

ii. Fig. i. — House of negro 1 kkeepon dietary study No. 234). Fig. 2. — 

Interiot of house of negro bookl per (dietary study N<>. 231) — 30 

III. Fig. 1. — Interior of nOUM Of negro family (dietary study No. 237). 

2, interior of lmus. of negro family (dietary study No. 239).. 34 



DIETARY STUDIES OF NEGROES IN EASTERN 
VIRGINIA. 



DIETARY STUDIES AMONG THE NEGROES IN - 

Bv H. B. Fekseix, D. I>. 



INTRODUCTION, 

In tlie spring of 1897 a series of dietary studies among the negroes 
of Franklin County, Va., was made under the auspices of Hampton 
Institute, in cooperation with this Department. These studies were 
carried on for the purpose of obtaining some definite information con- 
cerning the actual food consumption of the negroes in this region of 
Virginia. The studies may be considered as a continuation of those 
made in the neighborhood of Tuskegee, 1 Ala., under the auspices of 
the formal and Agricultural Institute, at Tuskegee. and of the Alabama 
Agricultural and Mechanical College, at Auburn, in cooperation with 
this Department. 

The families studied were scattered over a large area of country, 
necessitating a daily round of some 15 miles. The outward trip was 
taken along the highways and the return trip made by plantation roads. 
More or less opposition was manifested by some of the white population 
toward the carrying on of these investigations among the negroes. It 
is often a difficult matter, and one requiring considerable tact, to 
explain the purpose of such investigation. There is a suspicion of 
interference, or some other prejudice is encountered. The opposition 
referred to seems to be of this nature and was overcome sufficiently to 
enable the investigators to conduct the work. 

GENERAL CONDITIONS. 

The dietary studies were carried on in the region bordering the Great 
Dismal Swamp. The land in the vicinity was low and swampy, and 
malaria was exceedingly prevalent. The houses were small and con- 
structed in a very crude and simple manner. They were, as a rule, 
board cabins, rather than log cabins like those found in the a Black Belt" 
of Alabama, where the dietary studies previously referred to were made. 
Tew of the families studied had lamps or candles. The cabins were not 
lighted in the evening except by the open fireplace. 

U. 5. Dept. AgT., Office of Experiment Stations Bnl. 38. 



8 

The negroes in this vicinity obtain their living almost entirely from 
the soil. As a rule each family rents a small tract of laud, quite gen- 
erally of the size called a " one-mule farm," paying a part (sometimes 
as much as one-half) of their produce as rent. On the remainder of 
the produce, together with the income from what odd jobs can be 
obtained, the family must be supported. The farms are frequently 
so-called "dead tree farms" — that is, they are cleared by killing the 
trees by girdling and removing the underbrush. The trees are not 
felled, and the soil N tilled among the dead trees. All adults, both 
men and women, w<»rk on the farm. Payment for labor is often made 
in •• rations." i. e., in food materials. The staple crops are sweet pota- 
toes, cotton, and peanuts. The crops obtained are usually small. 
Formerly tobacco was raised in this section, but the land has become 
so Impoverished that tobacco is not successfully grown. 

Nearly all the families studied had very little means. Notwithstand- 
ing the tact that food was in many cases none too abundant, most of 
the families kept a number of dogs and cats. 

CHARACTER OF THE FOOD. 

As among the negroes of Alabama, ''hog and hominy" literally form 
the larger pari of the diet. Side bacon is the principal meat, and, 
with some fish and a little milk, formed the major portion of the 
animal food. Large quantities of iish are obtained from the waters of 
the neighboring Chesapeake Bay and form an important source of food. 
Progs, turtles, and even snakes were not Infrequently eaten by some of 
the families at certain seasons of the year. Unbolted corn meal, cost- 
ing about a cent a pound and containing a very large amount of bran, 
furnishes b targe proportion of the nutriment of the diet. The coarse 
bran is removed by silting, but the meal actually used still contains a 
large proportion. The bread is made simply of meal wet up, without 
salt or leavening material, and baked, as a rule, in the ashes ("ash 

eke", 

Drinking water is almost invariably obtained from shallow surface 
wells, which are mere holes dug in the swampy land, with very rarely 
any side walls other than the clay of the soil. The water is, as a rule, 
stagnant and brackish, and often muddy. 

The families selected for study were believed to be typical of the 
region, both in their food consumption and in their methods of cooking, 
etc. Cook stoves were unknown, all the cooking being done in the open 
fireplace, which was an important feature of all the cabins. Side bacon 
was almost invariably fried, as was, in fact, a large proportion of all the 
food. Pork shoulder and ham frequently were boiled. 

No analyses of food materials were made, since they were not believed 
to be necessary. The composition of the more characteristic food 
materials has been assumed to be the same as corresponding materials 
found in use among the negroes in Alabama. Other materials were 
assumed to have the same composition as similar materials found iu use 
elsewhere. 



"WASTE. 

In order to obtain a record of the actual amount of food consumed by 
these families, covered tin buckets were left with each family whose 
dietary was studied, in which they were instructed to place all refuse 
material and waste. Such material is usually fed to the dogs, cats, 
hens, or pigs. In order to prevent this during the investigation, a cer- 
tain amount of food for these animals was furnished by those carrying 
on the study, thus insuring, it is thought, a satisfactory collection of 
the waste. As a rule this was very small and consisted largely of corn 
meal in some form. 

DETAILS OF THE DIETARY STUDIES. 

The dietary studies, twelve in number, were carried on during the 
months of May and June, 1897. They were of from seven to thirty 
days" duration. 

In conducting the investigation the usual methods 1 were followed. 
As previously stated, the food materials were not analyzed. In calcu- 
lating the amounts of material consumed their composition was assumed 
from what were regarded as reliable data. 

In calculating the amount eaten per man per day certain facts must 
be borne in mind. Different members of the family will not consume 
the same amounts of food. This factor depends not only upon the 
individual but upon the age. sex, and activity of the different persons. 
Women will, as a rule, eat less than men. and young children less than 
women. It is customary to use certain factors which represent the 
proportion and amount of food required by children of different ages, 
and by women, as compared with a man at moderately hard labor. 
These factors have been given in some detail in different publications 
of this series and need not be repeated in this connection. 2 They will 
be found in the computations of the number of meals eaten in the 
different dietary studies. 

EXPLANATION OF TABLES. 

The tabular statement of the results of the dietary studies which 
follow is somewhat more condensed than has been given in many previ- 
ous reports of such studies. The tables furnish, however, all the origi- 
nal data from which the results were computed, and the additional 
matter that has been sometimes included can be readily calculated, if 
desired, from the data furnished. 

In each dietary study is shown the amount and cost of the different 
articles of food consumed by the family during the study. Following 
the amount and cost of each food material is a number in parentheses, 
which refers to the corresponding reference number in Table 21 in the 

l TJ. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bui. 21. 
2 See list of publications on covers of this bulletin. 



10 

Appendix, showing the percentage composition used in the cavitation 
of the total nutrients in each food material. The remaining columns 
of the table show the cost and the nutrients and fuel value per man 
per day. In order that the table may also show, in some degree, the 
amount of nutrients furnished by different classes of food materials, 
with the cost, these are grouped as follows: The leaner meats, as beef, 
veal, and mutton; the fatter meats, as pork ; poultry; fish; eggs; dairy 
products; cereals and cereal products, as flour, meal, bread, etc.; pota- 
toes ; other vegetables ; and fruits. 

DIETARY STUDIES OF NEGRO FAMILIES NEAR FRANKLIN, VA. 

The results of the twelve dietary studies made during 1897 in negro 
families residing near Franklin, Va., are summarized below. 

DIETARY STUDY No. 211. 

This study began May 5, 1897, and continued 30 days. The family 
consisted of the father, 52 years of age, weighing 140 pounds; the 
mother, 60 years old, weighing 150 pounds; sister of the latter, 52 
years of age, weighing 144 pounds; and a son, 28 years of age, weigh- 
ing 140 pounds. The father was permanently lame and incapable of 
hard work. He cultivated 5 acres of land on shares, receiving two- 
thirds of the crop. He obtained about $25 per year in cash for odd 
jobs. The mother was a midwife, earning about $35 per year. Her 
sister was very feeble and unable to work. The son did odd jobs at 
farming, thus earning about $70 per year. He also provided a large 
part of the food eaten by the family by hunting. The family used little 
or no beef, mutton, or other lean meats, as they believed that these 
made them ill. Muskrat, opossum, raccoon, and other game, fish, frogs, 
turtle, and even snakes in certain seasons, furnished part of the diet. 
Cash was paid for all food purchased, since the family could obtain no 
credit. They lived in a two-room house with 1 acre of ground surround- 
ing it. There were no improvements, and the location was very 
unhealthful. 

In addition to the food materials used, 48 cents' worth of green cof- 
fee and 4 cents' worth of salt were consumed during the study. The 
number of meals taken was as follows : 

Meals. 
Two men 161 

Two women (153 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 122 

Man visitor 6 

15oy visitor, 13 years old (3 meals x 0.6 meal of man), equivalent to.. 2 
Woman visitor (7 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 6 

Total number of meals taken equivalent to 297 

Equivalent to 1 man imdays. 



U. S. Dept of Agriculture, Bui. 71, Office of Expt. Stations. 



Plate I. 





Fig. 1. -House of Negro Farmer's 
Family (Dietary Study No. 212). 



Fig. 3.— House of Negro Farmer's 
Family (Dietary Study No. 216). 





Fig. 2.— House of Negro Farmer's 
Family (Dietary Study No. 214). 



Fig. 4.— House of Negro Farmer's 
Family (Dietary Study No. 217). 



11 



The details of the dietary study follow : 

Table 1. — Dietary study of a negro family near Franklin, Va. (No. 211). 
[For explanation of numbers in parentheses, see Appendix, p. 43.] 



Kinds and total amounts of food consumed during 
the study (30 days). 


Cost and composition of food per man per day. 


Cost. 


Protein. 


P t Carbohy- Fuel 
urates, j value. 


ANIMAL FOOD. 

Beef: Dried. 1£- lbs., 35 cts. (8) 

Pork : Bacon, lii- lbs., $1.21 (15) ; cracklings. 1 lb. 5 oz., 

13 cts. (17) : ham (6 per cent refuse), i lb.. 6 cts. (18); 

salt sides (6.7 percent refuse). 11 lbs. 5 oz.. $1.21 (25); 

shoulder (2 per cent refuse), 3 lbs. 2 oz., 32 cts. (27) ; 

lard 2Jlbs.. 23 cts. (21) 


Cents. \ Grams. 
0.4 2 


Grams. 
1 


Grams. 


Calories. 
17 


3.2 

.8 
.1 


15 

33 
2 


100 

11 
2 




991 


Fish: Eel (26 per cent refuse). 6 oz., 26 cts. (35): cat- 
fish (14.3 percent refuse), 3 lbs., 15 cts. (33) : smoked 
herring (17.6 per cent refuse), 6 lbs. 11 oz.. 8 cts. (37) ; 
mullet (8.8 per cent refuse), 5 lbs. 13 oz., 2 cts. (39): 
perch, 5 oz.. 1 ct. (40) ; roach (16.7 per cent refuse), 2 
lbs. 11 oz., 11 cts. (42); snapping turtle (17 percent 




237 


Dairy products : S^veet milk. 3J lbs., 11 cts. (55); sour 


2 


35 










4.5 52 


114 


2 


1,280 






VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals : Corn meal (7 per cent refuse), 71J lbs., 85 cts. 
(57) : flour, 21 lbs. 14 oz., 74 cts. (61) ; bread, J lb., 1 


1.6 
.8 
.2 

.2 


42 


17 


315 
59 
3 

27 


1,622 


Sugars and starches: Brotrn sugar. 6i lbs., 33 cts. (68) ; 




Potatoes: Street (4.5 per cent refuse), 21 lbs. 7 oz., 23 


2 

1 


1 


22 


Vegetables: Cabbage (6.6 per cent refuse), 3J lbs., 11 
cts. (77) j mustard salad (2.6 per cent refuse), 8 lbs. 


124 








2.8 


45 


18 ! 404 2,010 








7.3 97 


132 406 3,290 










Waste : 




1 
1 


1 
I 15 






6 30 








Total 




2 












7.3 


95 













DIETARY STUDY No. 212. 

This study, which began May 5, 1897, and continued 30 days, was 
made with a family consisting of the father, 27 years of age ; the mother, 
20 years of age; and one child 3 years of age. The weights of the mem- 
bers of the family were 140, 118, and 50 pounds, respectively. The 
house in which they lived consisted of one room and a loft. (PI. I, fig. 1.) 
For this house and 5 acres of ground $21 a year rent was paid, in 
addition to one-third of the crops. The soil, a sandy clay, was poor and 
unproductive. The father worked irregularly, obtaining "rations" as 
wages. These amounted in value to about 8100 in the course of a 
year. The mother took in some washing for which she also obtained 
"rations." No live stock was owned by the family and almost no farm 
implements. The meats used were very fat and were prepared for the 
table by frying. No beverages or accessories were purchased during 
the study, with the exception of 3 cents' worth of salt. 



12 
The Dumber of meals taken was as follows: 

Meals. 

Itao 87 

Woman (87 meal* y <i.k meal of man), equivalent to 69 

Child *7 m. iN y 0.4 meal of man), equivalent to 35 

Visitor 1 

Total number "i" meali taken equivalent to 192 

Bqnlralent t<> 1 man 64 d 

The dietary study is Bammarized in the following table: 

I m.i.K L'. — Dietary *tudy <>/ n M f T p/omilf nmr Franklin, Va. (Xo. 
[For explanation of numbers in parentheses, see Appendix, p. 43.] 



Kind* sad total aaomnta "i i 1 1 — ■■ ■* "luring 

th<- study (30 days). 


.1 i -(imposition of food per man 


per day. 


Cost. 


Protein. 


Fat. 


Carbohy- 
drates. 


Fuel 
value. 


urn m. food. 

Pell i -alt sides (0.9 


.1 


dram*. 
11 

17 


Gramt. 
114 

7 


Gramt. 


Calories. 


His. 4^ 




134 










3 7 


31 


121 




1,250 








forii turnl (5.4 per • 

■■'i 

ted ingar, l lb 


1 I 
.2 


41 


19 


B20 

8 

4 
3 


1,681 
33 


■ 


2 
2 


1 


181 


• 

rents, ~ 

- 




20 








2.1 


45 


20 


377 


1,915 








5.8 


76 


141 


377 


3,165 













5 


20 

















5 
372 


20 




578~ 


76~ 


"' 


3,145 





IUKTAkY BTUDY No. 818. 

This study, which was made with a family of five persons, began May 
5, 1 B97, and continued 30 days. The family consisted of the father, 43 
years of age, weighing 166 pounds; his stepson, 23 years of age, weigh- 
ing 147 pounds, and three children — a girl 17 years old, a boy 15 years 
old, and a girl 13 years old— weighing 120, 115, ami 115 pounds, respec- 
tively. The family was in good health. They occupied two log cabins, 
each with one room and a loft. The cabins were situated in 5 acres of 
ground on a slight rise of land. The rent paid was $20 per year. They 
had a good well, but no sanitary arrangements. Peanuts and garden 
vegetables formed their principal crops, but the character of the soil 



13 

was such that large crops were not raised. They had a few farm imple- 
ments and some live stock, namely, a cow, a steer, and pigs and chickens. 
The father earned about $50 a year, and some "rations" in addition, as 
a farm hand. The stepson lived with them only part of the time. The 
older daughter kept house and also worked on the farm. The younger 
daughter attended school part of the year and also assisted on the 
farm. The boy earned 810 per month working in a sawmill. Id addi- 
tion to the regular food materials mentioned below, 20 cents' worth of 
green coffee, 11 cents' worth of roasted coffee, 2 cents' worth of tea, 12 
cents' worth of baking powder, and a very small amount of salt were 
used during the study. 

The number of meals taken was as follows : 

ileals. 
85 



Two men 

Woman (87 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 

Boy (89 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 

Girl (86 meals X 0.6 meal of man), equivalent to 

Man visitor 

Woman visitor (4 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 

Child visitor, 5 years old. (3 meals X 0.4 meal of man), equivalent to 



71 

52 

2 

3 

1 

283 



Total number of meals taken equivalent to 

Equivalent to 1 man 94 days. 

The following table shows the results of the study: 

Table 3. — Dietary study of a negro family near Franklin, Ya. {No. 213). 
[For explanation of numbers in parentheses, see Appendix, p. 43]. 



Kinds and total amounts of food consumed during 
the study (30 days) . 


Cost and composition of food per man 


per day. 


Cost. 


Protein. 


Fat. 


Carbohy- 
drates. 


Fuel 

value. 


AN'IMAL FOOD. 

Port: Salt sides (1.1 per cent refuse), 25 lbs. 6 oz., 
$2.56 (25); shoulder, 13 lbs. 9 oz., $1.36 (27); lard, 


Cents. 
4.9 

.1 


Grams. 
20 

26 


Grams. 
141 

11 


Grams. 


Calories. 


Fish : Smoked herring (8.8 per cent refuse), 14£ lbs., 














5.0 


46 


152 












VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals : Corn meal, 32 lbs. 3 oz., 32 cts. (57) j flour, 


4.1 

[3 
.1 


75 


15 


429 

41 

34 

1 
1 




Sugars and starches: Granulated sugar, 8J lbs., 51 




Potatoes : Sweet, 25f lbs.. 26 cts. (96) 

Vegetables: Cabbage. 4 lbs. 13 oz., 5 cts. (77) 


1 


1 


157 
















5.0 


78 


16 


506 


2, 545 






10.0 


124 


168 


506 












2 


1 


13 










Total 




2 


1 


13 


70 








Total food eaten 


10.0 


122 


167 


493 


4, 075 





14 

DIETARY STUDY No. 214. 

This study, which began May 5, 1897, and continued 30 days, was 
made with a family consisting of the grandfather, 81 years of age; the 
father, 39 years of age, and his brother, 28 years of age; the mother, 24 
years of age; an adopted daughter, aged 11 years; and three young 
children, a boy of 4, a boy of 2, and an infant 10 months old. The 
freights of the different members of the family were 150, 135, 175, 150, 
51, l<>. 26, and 14 pounds, respectively. The children in this family 
were in i m tor health. The infant died during the study and the two 
other children were very feeble. The family lived in a house consisting 
of two moms and a loft ( PL I, fig. 2). It was situated in 105 acres of 
ground, of which the father "owned the holding." They had a few farm 
implements ami some live stock. Provisions were bought by the week 
in the market at Franklin, ami payments were made eaeh month. The 
grandfather, though feeble, worked on the farm. The father earned 
about $160 a year teaching school, and in addition did such farm work 
as was available. His brother carried on the farm. The older children 
attended BChooL I Miring the month covered by the study, 11 cents' 
worth of green coffee, l cent's worth of tea, 7 cents' worth of baking 
powder, 2 cents' worth of \ inegar, and 1 cent's worth of salt were used 
in addition to the food materials. 

The number of meal-- taken was as follows: 

Meals. 

t in.-.- men 266 

Woman (77 meals • 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to t;i 

(.ii! 86 meals 0.6 meal of man), equivalent to 52 

Two boj a i 172 meals x <>. i meal of man . equivalent to 69 

I ii i an t (70 meals x 0.S meal of man), equivalent to 21 

Man \ initor 6 

\\ uiiian \ iaitoi 17 meals X 0.8 meal "I' man), equivalent to 14 

rotal number of meals taken equivalent so 489 

Equh alenl to 1 man L68 i 



15 
The dietary study is summarized iu the following table : 

Table 4. — Dietary study of a negro family near Franklin, Va, {No. 214). 
[For explanation of numbers in parentheses, see Appendix, p. 43]. 



Kinds and total amounts of food consumed during 
the study (30 days). 


Cost and composition of food per mar 


per day. 


Cost. 


Protein. 


Pat, 


Carbohy- \ Fuel 
drates'. value. 


ANIMAL FOOD. 

Pork: Bacon (0.7 per cent refuse), 42 lbs. 2 oz., 
$3.84 (15) ; ham (0.7 per cent refuse). U lbs.. 56cts. 
(18) ; salt sides, 21J lbs., $2.13 (25) : shoulders (1.6 


* 

Cents. 
4.3 

.4 


Grams. 
21 

65 


Grams. 
130 

27 


Grains. 


Calories. 
1,296 

519 


Fish: Salt herring (10 per cent refuse), 61 lbs., 
67 cts. (37) ; roach (6.8 per cent refuse), 13 oz., 
3 cts. (42) ; snapping turtle (22.3 per cent refuse), 












4.7 


86 








VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: Corn meal (3.2 per cent refuse), 218 lbs. 

9oz., $2.25 (57): flour. 55 lbs. 1 oz.. $1.91 (61) 

Sugars aud starches: Granulated sugar, 4 lbs. 14 

oz., 29 cts. (69) : brown sugar, 2 lbs., 10 cts. (68) .. 


2.6 
.3 


73 


32 


559 2,889 








Vegetables: Cabbage (5.1 per cent refuse), 10 lbs. 
7 oz., 11 cts. (77) ; mustard salad (25.9 per cent ref- 


.1 


1 




3 


16 






2 


8 














3.0 


74 


32 : 584 


2,995 








7.7 


160 


189 584 


4.810 










1 




9 












Total 




1 




9 


40 












7.7 


159 


189 575 


4,770 











DTETARV STUDY So. 215. 

This study covered 30 days, beginning May 6, 1897. The family 
consisted of the mother, 34 years of age; four daughters, 18, 11, 12, and 
3 years of age, respectively ; two sons, 10 and 5 years of age; and a 
farm laborer, 41 years of age. The weights of the members of the 
family were 135, 135, 120, 98, 30, 65, 50, and 145 pounds, respectively. 
The family lived in two cabins, with one room and a loft in each, on 25 
acres of ground. They paid one-half their crops for rent. The farm 
laborer carried on the farm and received one-third of the remainder of 
the crops in payment. The mother, three daughters, and one son 
worked on the farm. The water supply was better than ordinarily 
found. The family owned a few farm implements and some live stock, 
including 1 steer, 1 mule, 1 cow and calf, and 2 pigs, besides some poul- 
try. The house was made of rough boards put on perpendicularly, with- 
out weather strips; the chimney was built of dirt and sticks. The 
whole building was on piles, and the fowls and dogs occupied the space 
beneath it. A small log shed adjacent served as a barn. The family 
were clothed in rags. The oldest daughter was sick during most of the 
study. With the exception of 3 cents for salt, no money was spent for 
condiments during the time of the study. 



16 



The number of meals taken was as follows: 



Man 88 

Two women ( 178 meals x 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 142 

Qitl, 1 1 years <L'7 meals X 0.7 meal of man), equivalent to 19 

(Jirl, 12 years (88 meals x 0.6 meal of man), equivalent to 53 

Boy, 10 years (88 meals X 0.6 meal of man), equivalent to 53 

Boj , 5 y .us (!)0 meals x 0.4 meal of man), equivalent to 36 

Child, 3 yean (90 meals x 0.4 meal of man), equivalent to 36 

Man v 1-1 tor 8 

Woman visitor (6 meals X 0.8 metil of man), equivalent to 5 

Child visitor. 7 yean (6 meals x 0.5 meal of man), equivalent to 3 

Total n umber of meals taken equivalent to 443 

Bqoivalenl to 1 man 148 days. 

The details of the dietary study follow: 

iM.i i 5.— Diet a ry etmdy of a negro family near Franklin, Fa. (No. 215). 

■ laiiatic.n of numbers in parent liesos, see Appendix, p. 43.] 



Km.N ud •■•t:il amooote of food oonsamed dazing 

the study (80 ■ 


Cost and composition of food per mar 


per day. 


Cost. 


Protein. 


Fat. 


Carbohy- 
drates'. 


Fuel 

value. 


AM MM. h 

l'ork : Baoon (0.1 per tint retime), 10 lbs. 10J oz., 
11.07 (15)i Jowl '-'i lbs., 86 cto. (30;) Mil sides, 16 


Cents. 

a. o 
.1 


Oram*. 

8 

21 


Grams. 
63 

9 


Grams. 


Calories. 
620 


I'ish Smoked herring (8 B pi t i • m tefaw ), 18 lbs. 




170 










2.1 


2d 


72 




790 








M.l ■ 1 « 

Corn meal (18.0 per oenl refine), 57 lbs. 
• in bread, \\ lbs., l ot, (6J) ; 


1.2 

.1 


28 


10 


197 
20 


1,016 


granulated ituir, 1 lbs. l "/.., 18 ets. (00) — 


82 








Legumi - i c a q( refoee), B lbs. 




1 
2 




2 
5 


13 


blea: Cabbage (2.6 per oenl reroee), 7 lbs. 
5 iiz 1 '.iL'e salad. 7 lbs. 9 01 
(79) ; kale, :t lb-*. 14 <./.., 4 ota. (8:!; ; moatard aalad, 


.2 




29 














1.5 


31 


10 


224 


1,140 








3.6 


00 


82 


224 


1,930 






Waste : 






2 




20 






1 


6 


30 














1 


2 


6 


50 










3.6 


59 


80 


218 


1,880 







DIETAFvY STUDY No. 216. 

This study, which began May 6, 1897, and continued 30 days, was 
iiuide with a family consisting of a man 71 years old, his wife 36 
years old, ami their two nieces, one of 22 and the other of 16 years. 
The weights of the family were 140, 130, 120, and 95 pounds, respec- 
tively. The man was rather feeble but did some work. The woman 
also was not in good health. The log cabin, containing one room aud 



17 



a loft (PL I, fig. 3), in which they lived, was situated in a tract of 34 
acres owned by the family. They also owned a small log barn and a 
few farm implements. Their live stock consisted of 1 ox and 4 pigs, 
besides a few chickens. The soil in the vicinity was a stiff clay and 
very wet. At the time of the study the family had 6 acres of corn 
planted which threatened to be a failure, and 4 acres of peanuts which 
promised a half crop. In addition they had one-half acre planted to 
garden truck. The well was not kept clean, and caught all the surface 
drainage. There were no sanitary arrangements. The total income 
of the family was small. Xo condiments or beverages were used, 
with the exception of 3 cents' worth of salt. 
The number of meals taken was as follows : 

Heals. 
Man 88 

Two women (186 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to". 133 

GirL 16 years (SO meals X 0.7 meal of man), equivalent to 63 

Man visitor 1 

Total number of meals taken equivalent to 285 

Equivalent to 1 man 95 days. 

The following table shows the results of the dietary study : 

Table 6. — Dietary study of a negro family near Franklin, Ta, (Xo. 216). 
[For explanation of numbers in parentheses, see Appendix, p. 43.] 



Kinds and total amounts of food consumed during 
the study (30 days). 


Cost and composition of food per man per day. 


Cost. 


Protein. 


-p. t Carbohy- Fuel 
*• drates'. value. 


ASDUl FOOD. 

Pork : Ham (10.4 per cent refuse), 1 lb. 13 oz., 26 cts. 
(18); salt sides (7. 6percent refuse*. 24+ lbs.. 32.62 
(25) ; shoulder (9 2 per cent refuse). 7f lbs., 86 cts. 
(27) ; sausage meat, £ lb., 3 cts. (29) ; lard, 8 lbs. 


Cents. 
4.9 


Grams. 

17 


Grams. 
140 


Grams. 


Calories. 
1,371 


Fish: Fresh perch (26.2 per cent refuse), 15 oz., 24 


1 






4 
















5.1 


18 


140 




1, 375 






VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: Corn meal, 85 lbs. 11 oz., 86 cts. (57) 

Sugars and starches : Granulated sugar, I| lbs., 8 


.9 
.1 

.2 


34 


20 


303 
6 

4 

1 


1,568 
24 


Vegetables : Cabbage salad (17.3 per cent refuse), 11 
lbs. 6 oz., 14 cts. (79) ; mustard salad (11.9 per cent 


3 




29 






4 












1.2 


37 


20 


314 


1,625 








u 


55 


160 


314 


3,000 







DIETAEV STFDY S"o. 217. 

This study, conducted with a family of two persons, began 3fay 6, 
1897. and continued 30 days. The family consisted of a man, 51 years 
of age, and his wife 45 years of age, who weighed 145 and 140 pounds, 
respectively. The family was in better circumstances than the majority 
of those studied. They occupied a four-room house built of boards 
(PI. I, fig. 4), and there were several outbuildings, including a log 
7623— Xo. 71 2 



18 

barn. The live stock consisted of 1 horse, 1 steer, 1 cow and calf, 10 
pigs, and a considerable Dumber of chickens. The pigs were raised on 
shares, the man owning half of them. The farm consisted of 30 acres 
of land, ;ind one-third of the crop was paid as rent. The soil was 
medium day, low lying and wet. Kight acres were planted to corn, 3 
acret to peanntS, 5 acres to cotton, and 1 acre to garden truck. Water 
was obtained from a fairly deep well on a neighboring knoll, and was 
better than the average. The man was considered a fairly good farmer. 
The income of the family was about $166 per year. In addition to the 
food materials enumerated below, 3 cents' worth of roasted coffee, 4 
cent-" worth of baking powder, and 3 cents' worth of salt were used. 
The number of meals taken was as follows: 

Meals. 

Mill. 90 

w an 1 7:; meala x 0. s meal of man ». equivalent to 58 

Woman i Isitox 10 meala x 0. 8 meal <>!' man), equivalent to s 

Child visitor, 10 yearn 1 

Total Dumber <>f meale taken equivalent to 157 

]'.<|iii\ al< nl tn 1 man .M' days. 

The details of the dietary study follow: 

l Am i '.- i'i> lurii Him i,i ,,/ n negro family near Franklin, Va. (No. SIT). 
i of ■ rplaaatton af numbers In part ntheses, w •• appendix, j>. 43.] 



.,l oomramed daring 


: d oompositloii <>f f«»xl jier mar 


per day. 


Cost. 


1'rol. in. 


Pat. 


Carbohy- 
drates. 


Fuel 

value. 


' ..wi. i lb. >m idee (4.9 
oalaer 

lard, S Lbs. !• oz., 56 


.5 

.2 
.6 
6.7 


(•rami. 
30 

2 

6 
29 


Oram*. 

154 

2 

16 
6 

35 


Oranu. 


Calories. 
1,554 


Poultrj : Chicken (11.7 per oenl refusi 1, i n».7 os., 




27 


L0| Mis., 








' ..,ln. t~ Milk 56) 




71 


43 


620 








14.6 


102 


•Jll 


43 








Cereals: Cera 5 lbs. 6 

. :,-. 11 .,/... .fl.l'.l (01) 

Granulated sugar, 5 Lbs. 10.J 


3.0 

.6 

.8 
.1 

:! 


62 


19 


413 
49 

95 

1 

10 
11 


2, 125 
201 


89 lbs. 13 os., 


6 


" 


433 




4 


[78)i iiiiisianl 
salad, S lbs. < ■ onions, 3 lbs. 16 oz., 

[88) . sweet pickles, 14 os.,2 eta. (88) 

Fruits; Canned blackberries, 2 lbs. 6 ox., L6< 


4 


1 


67 
45 










5.:t 


72 


22 


579 


2,875 








19.9 


174 


233 


62'2 


5,430 






Waste: 




1 

4 


2 
2 




20 






5 


60 








Total 




■- 


4 


5 


80 




19.9 


169 


229 


617 


5,350 







19 

DIETARY STUDY Xo. 218. 

This study covered 30 days, beginning May 10, 1S97. The family 
consisted of the father. 65 years of age ; the mother, 18 years of age ; four 
sons, aged respectively 15, 12, 8, and 5 years; two daughters, aged 
respectively 11 and 10 years, and a grandson a year and a half old. 
The weights of the family were 150, 115, 100, 75, 15, 35, 102, 55, and 
25 pounds, respectively. The house in which they lived was a rough 
board cabin with two rooms and a loft, built on piles. There was also 
a log barn and dirt smokehouse- There were no sanitary conveniences. 
Four acres of land went with the house and $30 a year rent was paid 
for house and land; in addition, 11 acres were worked on shares, one- 
third of the crop being paid. The soil was wet clay. Three acres 
were planted to corn, 3 to peanuts, 1 to sweet potatoes, and the 
remainder to cotton and garden truck. The live stock consisted of 1 
blind mule, 2 pigs, and several chickens. The only farm implement 
was an old plow. The two oldest boys and the older girl assisted on 
the farm. The mother was in poor health. The income of the family 
was about $150 per year. Their condition seemed above the average. 
In addition to the food materials, 11 cents* worth of green coffee, 1 cent's 
worth of pepper, 1 cents" worth of baking powder, and 3 cents 7 worth of 
salt were used. 

The number of meals taken was as follows : 

Meals. 

Man 89 

Woman (84 meals X 0.8 meal of man ), eqnivalent to 67 

Boy, 15 years (75 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 60 

Boy, 12 years (72 meals X 0.6 meal of man ), equivalent to 43 

Boy, 8 years (90 meals X 0.5 meal of man), equivalent to 45 

Boy, 5 years (88 meals X 0.4 meal of man), equivalent to 35 

Girl, 14 years (85 meals x 0.7 meal of man), equivalent to 59 

Girl, 10 years (87 meals X 0.6 meal of man), equivalent to 52 

Child, 14 years (88 meals X 0.3 meal of man), equivalent to 26 

Total number of meals equivalent to 476 

Equivalent to 1 man 159 days. 

Following are the results of the dietary study: 



20 

Tabu s. — Dietary study of a negro family near Franklin, la. (No. 218). 
planation of numbers in parentheses, see Appendix, p. 43.] 



Kinds and totel amounts of rood oonsumed during 
the itodj (80 days). 


Cost and composition of food per man 


per day. 


Cost. 


Protein. 


Fat. 


< larbohy- 
drates. 


Fuel 
fcslue. 


AM MAI. rooD. 

Port : Native beoon (1.6 per oenl n 1 

on, 6 lbs. M oi 1 
(15) j iboeilder i- per oenl refuse), 14 IIps. n os., 


Cents. 


Qrcma. 

17 


Oram*. 
76 

7 


(hams. 


Calories. 


Smoked herring (10 per cent refuse), 15 lbs. 10 

os . i' l lb. 1 1 os., B ots. (43) 




136 




3.0 


31 


83 














: a I -. i i: POOD. 
i torn meal (5. l pef oenl refow 1, 158 1 


1.3 

.'J 


42 


22 


355 
18 

1 




89) 

tbagt salad, 1] Ibe ,lct. (7») \ mns- 
















1.5 


42 


22 


374 


1,910 




i otal mod 


4.5 


73 


105 


374 


" 8M 










3 


2 


31 
















3 


2 


31 


160 










4.5 


70 


103 


343 


2,650 





lUKTAKY BTUOT N... 219. 

This study began May 6, L897, and continued 30 days. The family 
consisted of a man 38 years of age, bis wife 40 years of age, and a great 
aunt said to be 102 years of age. The weights of the individuals were 
I7ti. L36, and 120 pounds, respectively. They lived in a very old clap- 
boarded house with brick chimney, containing two rooms and a loft, 
and Bitnated in B tract of L5 acres of land, which was owned by the 
family. In addition t ■ ► the house the premises contained a small barn 
and smokehouse, chicken house, and work shed, all of logs. The water 
supply was from an unusually deep well. The live stock consisted of 
1 horse, 1 steer. L' cows. 1 calf. o' pigs, and a considerable number of 
chickens. The family also owned quite a number of farm implements. 
The Boil was a dark clay loam. Not far from 14 acres were planted to 
cotton and garden truck, the remainder of the land being about equally 
divided between corn and peanuts. 

During the time of the study the family used 11 cents' worth of green 
coffee, 8 cents' worth of roasted coffee, 1 cent's worth of tea, 2 cents' worth 
of pepper, 5 cents' worth of lemon extract, 1 cent's worth of vinegar, 8 
cents' worth of baking powder, 6 cents' worth of yeast, and 1 cents' worth 
of salt. 



21 



The number of meals taken was as follows : 

Meals. 
Man 90 

Two women (174 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 140 

Man visitor 1 

Woman visitor (13 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 10 

Child visitor, 3 years (6 meals X 0.4 meal of man), equivalent to.. . 2 
Child visitor, 1 year (3 meals X 0.3 meal of man), equivalent to 1 

Total number of meals taken, equivalent to 244 

Equivalent to 1 man 81 days. 

The following table gives the details of the dietary study: 

Table 9. — Dietary study of a negro family near Franklin, Va. (Xo. 219). 
[For explanation of numbers in parentheses, see Appendix, p. 43.1 



Kinds and tetal amounts of food consumed during 
the study (30 days). 


Cost ar 


d composition of food per mar 


per day. 


Cost. 


Protein. 


Fat. 


Carbohy- 
drates. 


Fuel 
value. 


AJTOIAL FOOD. 












Beef: Flant. 5f lbs.. 17 cts. (2) = kidnev fat, 9 lbs. 5 
oz., 28 cts. (3) ; liver, 4b lbs., 3 cts. (-4) : shoulder 
bone (50 per cent refuse). 2 lbs. 1 oz., 12 cts. (7); 


Cents. 
1.0 

4.1 

.1 
.4 

5.1 


Grams. 

22 

24 

17 
4 

22 


Grams. 
58 

96 

7 
3 

27 


Grams. 


Calories. 


Pork: "Chitttings," 1 lb. 2 oz., 1 ct. (16): ham (1.5 
percent refuse). 3 lbs. 15 oz., 40 cts. (18); haslet, 
2 lbs.. 6 cts. (22) ; liver, li lbs., 3 cts. (22) ; salt 
sides (2.3 per cent refuse), 9 lbs. 2 oz., 93 cts. (25) ; 
cured shoulder (9.5 per cent refuse), 13 lbs. 10 oz., 






Fish : Smoked herring (9.5 per cent refuse), 8 lbs. £ 




135 








Dairy products : Butter, i lb., G cts. (52) ; milk, 116| 


33 










10.7 


89 


191 


33 








VEGETABLE FOOD. 












Cereals: Corn meal (8.3 per cent refuse), 67 lbs. 13 
oz., 68 cts. (57) ; corn bread, 2 lbs. 9 oz., 3 cts. 
(62) : sponge cake, i lb.. 2 cts. (65) ; flour, 26 lbs. 


2.2 

.6 
.5 

.9 

1.5 


54 


21 


395 
55 
52 

7 

64 


2,036 


Sugars and starches : Sugar, 7+ lbs., 44 cts. (69) ; 


Potatoes : Sweet (22.9 percent refuse), 33 lbs. 11 oz., 


4 
2 
1 


1 

1 
2 




Vegetables: Cabbage(8.4 per cent refuse). 71bs. 6 oz., 
8 cts. (77): cabbage salad (23.5 per cent refuse), 2 
lbs. 7 oz.. 4 cts. (79) : onions (18.2 per cent refuse), 
4| lbs., 18 cts. (87); artichoke pickles, i lb., 4 cts. 
(92); cucumber pickles, 2 lbs. 6 oz., 23 cts. (93); 
canned tomatoes, 2 lbs. 2 oz., 11 cts. (98) ; collards 
(25.4 per cent refuse), 1 lb. 5 oz.,2 cts. (80) 

Fruits: Apples, 10 oz., 1 ct. (100); cherries (3.4 per 
cent refuse), 1 lb. 11 oz., 4 cts. (103) : preserved cit- 
ron, 5 lbs. 15 oz.. 30cts. (104) ; huckleberries, 2 lbs. 
2 oz.. 11 cts. (105) ; canned peaches, 2 lbs. 5 oz., 11 
cts. (108) = dried pears, 8 lbs. 7 oz., 51 cts. (Ill) ; 
canned pears, 1 lb. 3 oz., 5 cts. (110) : strawberries 
(9.1 per cent refuse). 1 lb. 14 oz., 8 cts. (112) 


46 

285 




5.7 


61 


25 


573 


2,830 






Total food purchased 


16.4 


150 


216 


606 


5,105 


Waste: 










. 






10 


6 


90 


465 








Total 




10 


6 


90 


470 










16.4 


140 


210 


516 


4,635 







22 



nil l \i:\ BTUDI No. 220. 

This study, wliich began May 7, 1897, and continued 30 days, was 
made with a family consisting of a man 30 years old, and his wife, 29 
years old, weighing respectively L30 and 92 pounds. They lived in a 
two roomed log cabin, situated in a tract of l'O acres of land, which was 
worked on half shares. The place was surrounded by heavy timber. 
The water supply was from a very poor shallow well containing noth- 
ing 1 mi t surface water. There were no sanitary arrangements. The 
live stock included 1 COW, 7 pigs, and considerable poultry. Farm 
implements <>f good quality and in sufficient quantity were furnished 
by the owner of the land. The soil was a heavy clay and fairly pro- 
duct i\r. being recently Cleared land. About equal areas were planted 
to corn and peanuts, and 1 acre was planted to garden truck. The 
condition of this family was considerably above the average in the 
region. During this study '.» cents' worth of green coffee, 5 cents' 
worth of baking powder, 1 cent's worth of salt, and 12 cents' worth of 
yeast were used in addition to the food materials. 

The Dumber of meals taken was as follows: 



Man 

Woman 8 I nu-als • 0.8 meal <>f man . equivalent to 

Mali \ i -it'>r 

Child \ leitoi . aimiii ii \rar- "i a _ <■ i hhmU • 0.8 meal of man) 
equivalent to 



Meals. 

. 87 



:< 
158 



rotal number of meala taken equivalent i<> 

l'(|iii\ ali'iit In 1 man .Ml da] B. 

The details of the dietary study are shown in the following table: 
Tabi i l". Dietary tfadtj •>/ n nogro /amiljf near Franklin f In. {No. 

i.ihaiiim of number! in pereothi ^ -. -> <- \ ppendiz, p. 43.] 



Ktndaand total emoontaol i 1 ooaan 1 during 

the -i 


' ..-; .in. i oompoaition of food per mat 


per day. 




Protein. 


I at. 


Carbohy- 
drates. 


Fuel 

value. 


ASIMA 

r,.ru S:.h -..l. - n - 1„ , ., ,,i ,, in- i 19 lot 

. 1 1 r.-.l shonldi i (l.B per < enl refoee) '.' lbs. i"' 


6.7 
(a) 


Grams. 
27 


Grume. 
198 


Grams. 


Calories. 
1,960 




















li.7 


27 


ISO 




1,960 






< Sereals < '"i d ">• ii i - ."• |" i oent rafase) . r in lbs. 7 <>7.., 
i (61) 


4.1 
.4 


93 


28 


004 
33 
2 

5 


3, 118 


lbs. 13 os., 28 • ' 


135 






8 


lea Cabbage (18.6 per oenl refuse), 8 lbs. 5 
maatard >;i!.i<l (6. 1 per oenl refuse), 

lib; - 16, l pel ''lit ntu-i i. 
i] lbe irnip salad (5.8 per oenl re 


.3 
(a) 


2 




29 
















4.8 


05 


28 C44 


3,290 








11.5 


122 


•JJ7 


644 


5,250 






Waste Vegetable 


.2 


5 


2 


36 


185 






Total 


.2 


5 


2 


30 


185 






Total food eaten 


11 :: 


117 


225 | 608 


5,065 



a Quaiitit y (oo small to allect results per man per day. 



23 



DIETABY STUDY N6. 201. 



This study, which began May 7, 1897, covered 30 days. The family 
consisted of the mother. 46 years of age; three daughters, aged 21. 19, 
and 17 years, respectively: a grandson of 6, and a granddaughter of 3 
years of age. Their weights were 140, 136, 125, 134, 70, and 50 pounds, 
respectively. The family owned 3 acres of land and a log cabin con- 
taining two rooms and two lofts. With the exception of a little log 
kitchen there were no outbuildings. The land was surrounded by 
forests. The well was brackish and the supply of water very insufficient. 
The live stock included 2 cows, 2 steers, 1 pig, and considerable poul- 
try. The soil was a heavy wet clay and was planted mostly to sweet 
potatoes. A little corn and a few peanuts were raised, and there was 
a small kitchen garden. All the women worked in the fields. During 
the study 3 cents' worth of baking powder and 2 cents' worth of salt 
were used in addition to the food materials enumerated in Table 11. 

The total number of meals taken was as follows : 

ITeals. 

Three women (261 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 209 

Girl, 17 years (87 meals X 0.7 meal of man), equivalent to 61 

Boy, 6 years (88 meals X 0.5 meal of man), equivalent to 44 

Girl, 3 years (89 meals X 0.4 meal of man), equivalent to 35 

Boy visitor, 16 years 3 



Total number of meals taken equivalent to 

Equivalent to 1 man 117 days. 

The table below summarizes the results of the dietary study 



352 



Table 11. — Dietary study of a negro family near Franklin, Va. (No. 221 . 
"For explanation of numbers in parentheses, see Appendix, p. 43.] 



Kinds and total amounts of food consmned daring 
the study | 30 days). 



Cost and composition of food per man per day. 



Cost. Protein. 



Carbohy- Fuel 
drates. value. 



ANIMAL FOOD. 

Port: Salt sides (1.4 per cent refuse). 22 lbs. 13 oz., 
$2. 28 (25) : cured shoulder. 2 lbs.. 20 cts. (26) ; lard, 
12i lbs., $1.25 (21) 

Fish: Smoked herring (8.7 per cent refuse), 38 lbs. 
15 oz., 39 cts. (37) : perch, £ lb., 1 ct. (40) : roach, 1 
lb. 14 oz.. 7 cts. (43) ,. 

Eggs. U lbs.. 6 cts. (51) 



Total animal food . 



VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: Corn meal (5.3 per cent refuse). 53 lbs. U 

oz.,62cts. (57): flour. 52 lbs. 1 oz., $2. 08 (61) 

Sngars and starches: Sngar.5 lbs., 30 cts. (69) 

Potatoes : Sweet (3.1 per cent refuse), 5 lbs. 14 oz.. 6 

cts. (96) 

Vegetables : Cabbage (31. 7 per cent refuse), 2 lbs. 9 

oz.. 3 cts. (hi: mustard salad. 3 lbs. U oz.. I cts. 

(86) 



Total vegetable food 

Total food purchased and eaten a . 



3.1 



c7-ra m-s. 
U4 



Grams. Calories. 



i 2.3 
.2 


43 


15 


312 
19 

6 
2 


1,615 

73 


1 .1 




25 


.1 


1 


12 



453 

4 



: 1: 



Z T'-iZ-: —:.r Z-. — i5fr. 



24 

DIETATIY STUDY No. 222. 

This study began May 7, 1897, and continued 30 days. The family 
consisted of a man 26 years old; his wife, 23 years old; and a farm 
laborer, 1G years old. Their weights were 120, 102, and 110 pounds, 
respectively. The family lived in a rough-board cabin, containing one 
room and a loft. It was situated in a tract of 25 acres of land. One- 
third of the crops was paid as rent. Besides the log cabin there was a 
small log baru, a log kitchen by 8 feet, and a log smokehouse of the 
same size. The water supply was as usual from an ordinary shallow 
surface well. The husband carried on the farm work. The wife earned 
something by washing and ironing. The live stock consisted of 1 cow, 
1 steer, 1 horse, 2 calves, and 5 pigs, besides chickens and turkeys. 
They also owned a number of farm implements. The soil was a light 
sandy clay. About 7 acres were planted to corn, 7 acres to peanuts, an 
equal amount to cotton, 2 acres to sweet potatoes, and the remainder, 
about 2 acres, to garden truck. The husband earned, above expenses, 
about $100 a year and the woman $30. The farm hand, a boy, was 
hired for $6 per month and board. The condition of this family was 
rather above the average in the vicinity. In addition to the food 
materials enumerated below, 3 cents' worth of salt, 1 cent's worth of 
soda, and 7 cent's worth of yeast were used during the study. 

The number of meals taken was as follows : 

Meals. 

Man 88 

Woman (87 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 69 

Boy (86 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 69 

Man visitor 2 

Woman visitor (9 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 7 

Children visitors, about 11 years (3 meals X 0.6 meal of man), equiva- 
lent to 2 

Total number of meals taken equivalent to 237 

Equivalent to 1 man 79 days. 



25 
In the table below the results of the dietary study are shown. 



Table 12. — Dietary $tudy af a negro family near Franklin, Va. (No. 222). 
[For explanation of numbers in parentheses, see Appendix, p. 43.] 



Kinds and total amounts of food consumed during 
the study (30 days) . 


Cost and composition of food per mar 


per day. 


Cost. 


Protein. 


Fat. 


Carbohy- 
drates. 


Fuel 
value. 


ANIMAL FOOD. 

Pork: Salt sides (0.8 per cent refuse), 14 lbs. 10 oz., 
$1.46 (25) ; shoulder (0.9 per cent refuse), lbs. 7 
oz., 65cts. (26); lard, 7 lbs. 9 oz.,76 cts. (21) 


Cents. 
3.6 

.4 

.2 

5.1 


Grains. 
11 

34 

2 

22 


Grams. 
113 

16 

2 

27 


Grams. 


Calories. 
1,095 


Fish: Smoked herring (16.4 per cent refuse) 14 lbs., 
17 cts. (37) ; salted fish (8.3 per cent refuse), 2 lbs. 
6oz., 3 cts. (44) ; roach, 2| lbs., 11 cts. (43) 




288 


E^gs 2 lbs. 7 oz., 13 cts. (50) 




26 


Dairy products : Milk, 115 lbs. 5 oz., $4.04 (55) 


33 


476 




9.3 


69 


158 


33 


1 885 






VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals: Corn meal (5.7 per cent refuse), 34 lbs. 14 
oz., 37 cts. (57) ; hominy, 10 lbs. 10 oz., 13 cts. (58) ; 
flour, 34 lbs. 15 oz., $1.36 (61) 


2.4 
.6 
.4 

.2 

.4 


50 


13 


339 

48 
27 

2 
4 


1 716 


Sugars and starches : Granulated sugar, 8 lbs. 5 oz., 
5U cts. (69) 


197 


Potatoes: Sweet (16.5 per cent refuse), 17 lbs. 3 oz., 
33 cts. (96) 


2 

1 


1 


128 


Vegetables: Cabbage (36.6 per cent refuse), 15 oz., 
3 cts. (77) ; mustard salad, 1 lb. 3 oz., 1 ct. (86) ; 
green onions (50 per cent refuse), 5 oz., 2 cts. (89) ; 


12 


Fruits : Canned peaches, 6 lbs. 10 oz., 33 cts. (108) . . . 




17 










4.0 


53 


14 


420 


2,070 






13.3 


122 


172 


453 


3, 955 








5 


3 


43 


225 








Total 




5 


3 


43 


225 










13.3 


117 


169 


410 


3,730 





DIETARY STUDIES AMONG THE NEGROES IN 1898. 

Bv Isabel Bevier. 



INTRODUCTION. 

In the investigation of the food consumption of the negro in Alabama 
it was deemed best to continue the studies a second year in order to 
confirm the results of the first rear. In like manner further investiga- 
tion of the food consumption of the negro in Virginia seemed desirable, 
and the studies reported below were instituted in the spring of 1898. 
In order to obtain more definite information concerning the effect of 
education and other improving factors upon the character and amount 
of the food consumed by the negro, studies were made in families 
in widely different circumstances. Some of the families were in com- 
fortable circumstances, others had very limited incomes. Some had 
been brought to a great degree under the influence of the Hampton 
Institute, others had not had the benefit of such training. 

These studies were made in Elizabeth City County, Va., which is one 
of the eight original counties of the State. It contains about 30,000 
acres of land, one-tenth of which is owned by the colored people, who 
constitute two-thirds of the total population, which numbers some 
16,000. Hampton Eoads forms the southern boundary of the county, 
while the Chesapeake Bay washes the eastern coast, and the James 
Eiver is but a mile beyond its western limit. Fortress Monroe and the 
Soldiers' Home are situated within its borders. The former, with its 
two large hotels, gives employment to many of the colored peox>le of the 
vicinity, 

OCCUPATION. 

Agriculture is perhaps the most important occupation of the negroes 
of Elizabeth City County, although other occupations are followed. 
Many own from 1 to 3 acres of land and two or three negroes own 40 
or more acres, while in one case, which, so far as could be learned 
was very exceptional, 100 acres are in the possession of one colored 
man. Owing to the mildness of the climate, the land, properly man- 
aged, can be made to yield two crops each season. Truck farming is a 
very prevalent occupation of the farming region. Early vegetables are 
raised in large quantities for the Northern market, and potatoes, peas, 
and sweet corn, as well as small fruits and berries, are shipped to 
Washington and other cities. 

27 



28 

The various fishing industries furnish employment to many during 
three -fourths of the year, while Newport News, with its shipyards and 
varied industries, requires many laborers. 

The town of Hampton attracts to it many of the negro boys and 
young men from the country who prefei a trade to work on the farm. 
Negroes arc found as painters, carpenters, shoemakers, blacksmiths, 
wheelwrights, masons, and plasterers, and are represented in other 
trades. The negro professional men include physicians, lawyers, clergy- 
men, and teachers, and one of the largest building and loan associations 
of the State is managed by colored people. Life insurance and real 
estate agencies are also conducted by the negroes of Hampton. 

HOMES AND SURROUNDINGS OF THE FAMILIES STUDIED. 

The character of the houses occupied by the negroes varies greatly 
according to their financial condition. .Many of the houses in Hampton 
are substantial and commodious homes, built according to modern 

ideas. 

Seven dietary studies were conducted. Three of these were made in 
the immediate vicinity of Hampton, the chief city of the county. Two 
of these families showed in a marked degree the beneficent influence of 
the neighboring Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute, where 
they had received education and industrial training. They lived in 
substantial and commodious homes built by the "school carpenters." 
The housekeeping was carefully attended to and considerable attention 
given to the selection of the food. In the third family there was much 
untidiness and ignorance, and a continual struggle to provide the corn 
meal which formed a large part of the daily diet, yet the first dime 
earned on Saturday was put aside to pay for the next week's schooling. 

Three dietary studies were made at Butlers Farm, the only distinc- 
tive negro settlement of the county, and two at Phoebus. Butlers 
Farm owes its name to the fact that General Butler gave the land to 
the negroes at the close of the war. It is a primitive settlement of 
about 20 families. The land is owned by the negroes in lots varying 
from 1 to3 acres in size. The houses are frame structures, without lath 
or plaster, and contain from two to four rooms. The interiors are quite 
generally covered with newspapers or fashion plates. The furniture 
ordinarily consists of one or two chairs, a bench, a table and cupboard, 
and sometimes a stove. About half the families own a cow, most of 
them a few chickens and a pig. In a little garden patch they raise a 
few vegetables, the most common of which are corn, sweet potatoes, 
and cabbage. 

The water supply of the people in the farming districts, like that of 
the people near Franklin, is obtained from shallow surface wells about 
6 feet in depth, usually without walls other than the clay of the soil, 
although sometimes walled in by two barrels from which the ends have 
been removed. The well was generally inclosed by a board fence to 
keep out the children and the pigs. 



29 

Many of the homes have near the house a bos-like structure set 
some 2 feet from the ground on piles, which is termed the "dairy." 
Milk, if they have it, and all other food materials are kept in this dairy. 

The cooking and housekeeping are usually of the most primitive 
order. Except in such homes as show the influence of the Hampton 
Institute, the houses are untidy. 

Partly because of the difficulty of keeping food and partly because 
of the lack of funds, food was not purchased in large quantities. Suffi- 
cient food material was ordinarily purchased the latter part of the week 
to last for the coming week. Considerable quantities of fish were used, 
but the chief animal food was " white meat," i. e., salted side bacon. 
Fresh meat was used in only one of the homes. The larger portion of 
the side bacon used in this region is obtained from Chicago. Three of 
the families visited used ice. This is almost a necessity if any variety 
of food is used. 

During the winter each family kills the pigs which they have raised 
during the summer. Very little milk or butter is used, even by fami- 
lies owning a cow. The children are allowed only sour milk or butter- 
milk to drink, as the milk is all used for making butter to be exchanged 
for groceries. Even in the most well-to-do negro families a pound and 
a quarter of butter would serve for a family of six for a week. 

Housekeeping as practiced in these homes does not require much 
time, and the women work on the farm with the men. Many of the 
women take in at least a little washing, and so earn small amounts of 
money each week. 

BREAD. 

In only one of the seven different families visited was wheat bread 
regularly baked. Two of the women explained that they could not 
bake bread on account of the lack of an oven. Two others said they 
did not like bread, "it was so tasteless." Instead, they used "hoe- 
cake," made of corn meal and water, or biscuit made from wheat flour. 
In two of the dietaries reported beyond, baker's bread was purchased 
at a cost of a little over 6 cents a pound. In order to show the relative 
economy of baking the bread in the household as compared with pur- 
chasing bread in this way, one of the more intelligent women was 
asked if she would not hike to make a bread experiment. It was 
explained that she was to weigh all the ingredients which she put into 
the bread, and weigh the bread after baking, and then calculate how 
much the bread, as finally baked, cost her a pound. She was interested 
to make the test. Xiue pounds and two ounces of bread was baked, at 
a total cost of 32 cents, exclusive of labor and fuel. This same amount 
of bread purchased of the baker would have cost 60 cents. Just how 
much should be allowed for the cost of the fuel it is difficult to say, but 
it was very evident to the woman that there was a very decided saving 
by baking her own bread. 



30 

COMPOSITION OF FOOD MATERIALS. 

No analyses of the food materials used were made. The kinds of 
food materials commonly used by the negroes are few in number, and 
they are shown to be of comparatively uniform composition by a very 
large number of analyses of similar food products made in connection 
with nutrition investigations in the United States. In calculating the 
results of the dietary studies the composition was assumed from what 
were considered reliable data. 1 as in the studies reported by Dr. Frissell 
in the preceding pages. Table 21, on pages 43-45 of the Appendix, 
shows the figures for the percentage composition of the various food 
materials found in use among the families studied. 

WASTE. 

No attempt was made to determine the amount of waste in the dif- 
ferent families. The value- in the following tables show the amount of 
nutrients in the food purchased. However, it is not probable that there 
was any large amount of waste. 

DETAILS OF THE DIETARY STUDIES. 

In table- 13 to 19, beyond, are given the details of the food consumed 

by the seven different faniilio whose dietaries were studied. The 
explanations which were given on page '•». in connection with the tables 
Bhowing the results of dietary studies made the year previous among 
the negroes near Franklin, Va.. apply to these tables also. 

DIETARY STUDIES OF NEGRO FAMILIES IN OR NEAR HAMPTON, 

VA. 

The results of the seven dietary studies made during 1898 in negro 
families residing in or near Hampton, \'a.. are summarized below. 

nu. I Al:v STUDY >>'••. --'34. 

This study began May 31, 1898, and continued 8 days. The family 
consisted of the father, 32 years of age: the mother, the same age; 
two daughters, of 7 and .") years, respectively, and a son,0 years of age. 
The weights of the family were L45, 135, 52, 30, and 50 pounds, respec- 
tively. In addition to the regular family, one visitor, a woman 35 years 
of age, was present during the entire time. The father was a book- 
keeper, and had an income of $1,200 per year. They owned their 
house, which contained seven well furnished rooms (PI. II, figs. 1 and 2). 
Both the father and mother were graduates of Hampton Institute. 
The latter did much among her people to improve their domestic con- 
dition. In addition to his regular business, the father was connected 
with a building and loan association and some other enterprises. Food 

especially D. 8. Dept. of Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Buls. 28, revised, 
and 38. 



U. S. DepT. ; ; - 5 l. . s 5 . 1 Off .-_ -_- Expt Stations 



Plate II. 



I^fefe 




Ifel 

Rr 1 1 . i 




: HP Ji 


ngpj| 



Fig. 1.— House of Negro Bookkeeper (Dietary Study No. 234). 




Fig 2. -Interior of House of Negro Bookkeeper (Dietary Study No. 234' 



31 

was bought in considerable variety, and. in fact, the dietary resembles 
that of an ordinary well-to-do white family. In addition to the food 
materials enumerated below, 15 cents' worth of tea, 8 cents' worth of 
coffee, 2 cents' worth of salt, 2 cents' worth of j>epper, 2 cents' worth of 
yeast. 7 cents' worth of baking powder, and 36 cents' worth of ice were 
used during the study. The family also had on hand a variety of 
condiments, such as are in ordinary use in cooking. 
The number of meals taken was as follows : 

Meals. 

Man 23 

Woman (22 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to. : 18 

Girl. 7 years (24 meals x 0.5 meal of man), equivalent to 12 

Boy, 6 years (24 meals X 0.5 meal of man), eqnivalent to 12 

Girl. 3 years (24 meals X 0.4 meal of man), equivalent to , 10 

Women visitors (30 meals X 0.8 meal of man;, equivalent to 24 

Total nnmber of meals taken equivalent to 99 

Eqnivalent to 1 man 33 days. 

The details of the dietary study are given in the following table : 

Table 13. — Dietary study of a negro family in Hampton, Ta. {No. 234). 
[For explanation of numbers in parentheses, see Appendix, p. 43.] 



Kinds and total amounts of food consumed during 
the study (8 davaj. 



Cost and composition of food per man per day. 



Cost. Protein. 



Carbohy- Fuel 
drates". value. 



AN TMA T, FOOD. 

Beef: Second cut. round. 2J lbs.. 30 cts. (5) ; smoked. 

1* lbs.. 30 cts. (8) : round. 1 lb., 15 cts. 1 10) ; chuck; 

li lbs., 20 cts. (9). Veal: Hind shank, 3f lbs.. 56 

cts. (U) 

Pork: Salt dried side. 1* lbs.. 16 cts. (25, ; ham, 1 lb. 

2oz., 13 cts. (IS); lard, 4 lbs. 2 oz.,40 cts. (21) 

Fish: Blue. 2 lbs. 2 oz.. ; cts. 32 1 : croakers. Silts.. 

10 cts. (33): trout. 4+ lbs., 10 cts. (46) 

Eggs, 3 lbs., 24 cts. 50) 

Dairy products : Milk, 24i lbs.. 72 cts. (55) ; butter. 

li lbs.. 30 cts. (52) : cheese, 2 oz., 2 cts. (53) 



Total animal food . 



VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals : Corn meal. 5 lbs. 6 oz.. 9 cts. (57) ; bread. 5| 
lbs., 26 cts. (63) : crackers, 2 lbs. 2 oz., 23 cts. '64. ; 
flour, 10 lbs. 15 oz.. 45 cts. (61) : rice, f lb., 6 cts. (60, . 

Susars. starches, and oils : Salad oil, 1 oz., 3 cts. (73) : 
loaf sugar. \ lb., 2 cts. (69) ; granulated sugar. 8 
lbs. 2 oz., 48 cts. (69) : vanilla sirup, 3 lbs. 15 oz., 18 
cts. (70) 

Potatoes : Irish. 12 lbs. 3 oz., 32 cts. (94) 

Legumes : Beans, 2 oz.. 2 cts. (74) 

Vegetables: Beets. 1? lbs., 5 cts. (76) ; cabbage, 3 lbs. 
11 oz.. 5 cts. (77) ; onions, 15 oz., 5 cts. (87) ; canned 
tomatoes 4 lbs. 6 oz., 16 cts. (98) 

Fruits; Evaporated apples, \ lb., 5 cts. (101); 
canned blackberries. 4 lbs. 6 oz., 14 cts. (102) ; lem- 
ons, fib.. 10 cts. (106i : oranges, 2J lbs., 15 cts. (107); 
strawberries. 5 lbs. 2 oz.. 22 cts. (112) 



Total vegetable food. 
Totalfood 



Cir.U. 
4.6 



.7 
3.2 



Calories. 
161 



L, 550 



673 
164 



32 

DIETARY STUDY No. 235. 

This study, which begun June 1, 1898, and continued 8 days, was 
made with a family consisting of the father, 30 years old; the mother, 26 
years old: two girls, one .'» and the other 1£ years of age; and three 
boarders, a man 28 years old and two women 24 and 18 years of age. 
The freights of the family, excepting the child 3 years old, whose weight 
was not recorded, were 150, 158, 23, 154, 124, and 148 pounds, respec- 
tively. The father was a plumber. He also sang ill a quartette which 
made extended trips, giving concerts. 1 1 is regular trade brought in $9 
per week, and while on trips with the quartette he was paid $1.50 per 
day and expenses. The man who hoarded with the family was a car- 
penter and earned about |12 per week. He paid $12 per month for 
room and board. The woman who boarded with the family was a tail- 
oress, earning 93 per week, and paid $7 per month for room and board. 
The woman L8 years of age was a sister of the mother, and paid no 
board. She worked in a printing ottice, and earned $8 per month. 
The children did not appear to be very strong, and did not seem well 
nourished. Milk was used only on Sunday morning, and then the 
children were given none. The father, boarders, and the young woman 
took their dinner from home, and the rest of the family ate a cold lunch 
in the middle of the day, so that the chief meal was served at night. 
No attempt w as made to collect the waste, as there was practically none. 
The fragments left from other meals were eaten for lunch. Thus the 
food purchased in this dietary is practically equivalent to the food 
eaten. In addition to the food materials mentioned below, 15 cents' 
worth of coffee, 8 cents' worth of tea, 5 cents' worth of ginger, cents' 
woi Hi of baking powder, and 1 cent's worth of salt were used. 
The number of meals taken was as follows: 

Meals. 

Two men 31 

Three « omen (73 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 57 

Child, 9 :■< m l'I meals x 0.4 meal of man), equivalent to 10 

child, l\ years (24 meals x 0.3 meal of man), equivalent to 7 

Girl visitor, L5 years 1 

I 'otaJ Dumber of meals taken equivalent to 106 

Equivalent to l man 36 daj s. 



33 
The following table shows the derails of the dietary study: 

Table 14. — Dietary stnihj of a negro family near Hampton, Va. (No 
For explanation of numbers in parentheses, see Appendix, p. 43/ 



TCiniis and total amounts of fi.od consumed during 
tlie study (8 d 



Cost and composition of food per man per day. 



Carbohy- 
drates'. 



Fuel 
value. 



ACTUAL FOOD. 

Beef: Chipped. 1 lb.. 25 ets. (8); liver. 3i lbs. ,28 '- 
I _:.i. 1 lb.. 10 ets. '12) ; drippings and cot- 

tolene ..->'. - 1 :• 1 

Pork: Breakfast bacon. If lbs.. 18 ets. '15): side. 4 

lbs.. 40 ets. (25) : sausage. 2 lbs.. 20 ets. (28) 

Poultrv: ChickeD.2 lbs. 10 oz.. 40 ets. (30) 

Fish: Croakers. 54 lbs.. 10 ets. 1 34): riounder. 2 lbs. 

3oz..5: ts - 

Eggs. 3£ lbs.. 32 ets. '51) 

Dairv products: Milk. 1 lb.. 4 ets. (55); eandeosed 

milk. 14 oz.. 10 ets. (56); butter, lib. 5 oz..39cts. (52). 

Total animal food 



Cents. 

2.1 



Grama. 

15 

1 
6 

14 
5 


Grams. 

47 

•54 
5 

15 

4 


G 


rams. 


Calories. 






636 










- 


57 

205 


52 


152 




7 


L655 



VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals : Bread. 10 lbs. 2 oz.. 50 ets (63) j corn meal, 
6 lbs., 8 ets. (57. : flour, 6 lbs. 14 oz.. 20 eta 
macaroni 1 oz.. 1 ct. (66) : rice. 1 lb.. 6 ets. (61 . ... 

Sugars and starches: Cornstarch. 2 oz.. 1 et 72 
sugar, 5 lbs. 14 oz..36 ets. (69): chocolate. 7 oz.. 24 
te 71) 

Potatoes: Irish.4 lbs. 6 oz.. 13 ets. (95) 

Legumes : Xavv beans. 3 lbs. 10 oz.. 20 ets. (74) : gar- 
den peas. 5 lbs. 7 oz.. 20 ets. (91) 

Vegetables: Garden cabbage. 4 lbs. 6oz.,4 ets. (78); 
canned corn, lib. 7< z 1 -- •_ garden lettuce. 
1 lb. 10 oz.. 10 eta. (84) ; onions, \ lb, (88; ; tomatoes. 
4f lbs., 16 ets. (98) 

Fruits: Dried ajjples. 9 ez.. 3 ets. (101): strawber- 
ries. 24 lbs.. 10 ets. (112 ) 



Z4 


35 


6 


201 


1. 023 


1.7 
-4 


1 
1 


...... 


'8 


352 


1.2 


13 


1 


35 


206 


1.1 


2 


1 


10 


58 


.4 ... 






7 


29 



Total vegetable food . 



BrFTARY STUDY Xo. 236. 

This stndy was of 7 days' duration, beginning on June 3, 1898. 
The members of the family were as follows: The father. 40 years of 
age. weighing 140 pounds; the mother, 35 years of age. weighing 150 
pounds: four sons, aged, respectively, 16, 14, 10, and 4 years, and three 
daughters, aged, respectively, 9, 6, and 1 year of age. The weights of 



daughters 41 and 37 pounds, respectively. The weights of the youngest 
son and youngest daughter were not obtained. The father worked in 
a large hotel, and earned $15 per month and his board. The mother 
was ignorant and in poor health. The tract of land on which this 
family lived belonged to the mother. The father had built the house 
and made several additions to it until it numbered live rooms. The 
family owned one cow and some chickens. The boys worked at the 
fisheries and took their pay in fish, a part of which they afterwards 
sold. They earned about 15 cents per day, besides sufficient fish for the 
family. The family used little or no milk, but exchanged it for meat, 
7623— No. 71 3 



34 

eggs, pepper, etc The bread eaten was cbiefly "hoecakes' 1 made of 
Hour and linked on a griddle. The members of the family were in good 
health, with the exception of the mother and the oldest son. This 
family was regarded as a type of the very poor negroes in this region. 
In addition to the food materials mentioned below, 4 cents' worth of 



of baking powder were used during the time of the study. 
The number of meals taken was as follows: 

Meals. 
Man 3 

Woman (21 meals x 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 17 

Two boys, 16 and 1 1 years (-12 meals X 0.8 meal of man), equivalent 

o. 34 

Boy, 10 years (21 meals X 0.(5 meal of man), equivalent to 13 

Two "iris, 9 ami 6 years (18 meals X 0.5 meal of man), equivalent to. 9 

Boy, I years 21 meals x 0.4 meal of man), equivalent to 8 

Child, 1 year ii'l meals X 0.3 meal of man), equivalent to 6 

Woman viBitOr 2 

Total mi in in! of meals taken equivalent to 92 

Equivalent to i man ::i days. 

The details of the study are shown in the following table: 

Table 15. — Dietary xiu<hi of a negro family near Hampton, fa. (No. 836), 
planatton of numbers in parentheses, see Appendix, p. 43.] 



Clods and total amounts of food consumed during 
tli.- study <7 ilays). 


lost and composition of food per man 


per day. 


Cost. 


Protein. 


Pat. 


Carbohy- 
drates. 


Fuel 
value. 


wimai. POOD. 


Cents. 

0.9 

3.9 
.7 

3.8 


drains 
7 

1 

66 
5 

18 


Grams. 

1 

40 

24 
4 

24 


Grams. 


Calories. 


-alt Bide, li lbs., 10 cts. (26); lard, 1J lbs., 13 






Fish: Croakers, 8 lbs., 16 cts. (34) ; sturgeon lieads, 

18 His. 14 OB., 48 els. (4f>) : trOUt, 3 ll»s., CtS. (47) ; 

mrtle, lOlbs. 60cts. (48) 










Dafrj products: Milk, 37 lbs. 2 oz., $1.11 (55) ; but- 
ter, i 11... 7 .is. (62) 


27 


408 




10.0 


97 


93 27 








: 1 \\:\.E POOD. 

Cereals: Corn bread, 4'. lbs.. 4 cts. (62) j corn meal, 

lit U.S.. 25 els. (57); Hour, 7 lbs., 24 cts. (61) 

Sugars and Btarohes: Sugar, 2 lbs. 5oz., 14 cts. (69). 


1.7 
.5 


43 


17 


310 
34 


1,606 










2.2 


43 


17 


344 


1, 745 








12.2 


140 


110 


371 









DIETARY STUDY No. 237. 

This study, like the others, was of 7 days' duration, beginning on 
June 13, 1898. The family studied consisted of the mother, 42 years of 
age; five sons, aged, respectively, 10, 10, 10, 7, and 4 years; and one 
daughter, 13 years of age. The weights of the members of the family 
eould not be obtained. The family lived in a house of two rooms, with- 
out lath or plaster (PI. Ill, fig. 1). The rent, $1.25 per month, was paid 



U.S Depf H Ag :ufture B j 7 Office of Expt 5taf its 



Plate III. 




Fig. 1.— Interior of House of Negro Family (Dietary Study No. 237). 







Fig. 2.— Interior of House of Negro Family 'Dietary Study No. 239). 



35 

by the oldest son, who was a farmer, and received 810 per month and 
••rations.*' These consisted of 12 pounds of side bacon, 12^ pounds oi 
dour, 1 bushel of corn meal, 4 pounds of sugar, and J pound of tea. 
The son brought these •• rations" home each month, and together with 
some additional food they formed the food supply of the whole family. 
The son carried his noon lunch from home and was allowed, by the 
farmer for whom he worked, all the milk he wished to drink. The 
amount consumed could not be determined aud is not included in the 
study. It would tend to slightly increase the amount of nutrients per 
man per day. The mother earned $1.25 per week by washing. The 
second son received #8 a month and board when he worked. The live 
stock consisted of one pig and numerous chickeus. The family seemed 
in good health. 

In addition to the food materials enumerated in the following table, 
8 cents' worth of tea aud 2 cents' worth of salt were used during the 
week covered by the dietary study. 

The number of meals taken was as follows: 

Meals. 

Woman (21 meals x 0.8 meal of man,), equivalent to 17 

Man 21 

Boy. 16 years i 9 meals X 0.8 meal of nianj, equivalent to 8 

Two children, 13 and 10 years 1 12 meals X 0.6 meal of man >. equiva- 
lent to 25 

Boy, 7 years ( 21 meals x 0.5 meal of man), equivalent to 11 

*oy, 4 years (21 meals X 0.4 meal of man), equivalent to 8 

Total number of meals taken equivalent to 90 

Equivalent to 1 man 30 days. 

The details of the study are shown in the table which follows. 

Table 16. — Dietary study of a negro family in Hampton. Va. Xo. J 
[For explanation of numbers in parentheses, see Appendix, p. 43.] 

Cost and composition of food per man per day. 
Kinds and total amounts of food consumed during 



the study (7 days). ^ Proteill . r at . Carbohy- Fuel 

drates. value. 



ANIMAL FOOD. 

Pork : Salt side, 8£ lbs.. 71 cts. (25) ; lard, £ lb.. 3 cts. 

(2D : 

Fish: Dressed croakers. 3 lbs., 10 cts. (34) 

Eggs,3£ lbs., 26 cts. (50) 

Dafrv products: Buttermilk. 13 lbs.. 40 cts T , 
sour milk. 27J lbs.. 40 cts. .5.5,.. butter. | lb., 6 cts. 
(52) 

Total animal food . . 

VEGETABLE FOOD. 

Cereals : Corn meal. 24 lbs., 36 cts. (57) : flour, 12 lbs. 
2 oz.. 43 cts. (61); homiuv. 2i lbs., 5 cts. (58); oat 
flakes, J lb., 3 cts. (59).... 

Sugars and starches: Molasses, 3i lbs., 12 cts 
sugar, 4 lbs. 10 oz.,27 cts. (69> 

Vegetables: Cabbage. 4 lbs. 3 oz..ll cts. (77) 

Total vegetable food 

Totalfood 



Gents. Grams. Grams. Grams. Calories. 

2.5 10 57 944 

.3 5 B 95 

.8 5 5 67 



1.3 


1 ... 




106 

4 




.4 


1 ... 




21 


4.6 


63 


21 


544 


2. 685 



30 



MF.TAKY STUDY No. 238. 

This study was begun Juno 1"., 1898, and continued for 7 days. The 
members of the family were as follows: The father, 30 years old; the 
mother, 35 years old; and two daughters of 12 and 10 years of age. 
The weights of the lather and mother were l H» and 125 pounds, respec- 
tively. The weights of the children were not recorded. The family 
paid DO rent for their house, which was owned by a sister. The father 

earned $1.25 per week when he worked the whole time, but of the 6 
working days covered by the study he was idle 3. ITe rode to ids 

work, which was 7 miles distant, on a bicycle. The mother earned $1 

per week by washing. She also picked up potatoes during certain sea- 
sons of the year, receiving 10 cents a barrel. She seemed anxious to 
work. The wants of the family were small, bul as the father was very 
j i ilar at his work they were very poor. A pig and a few chickens 
weie owned by the family. The provisions were bought by the week, 
usually on Saturday, ami paid tor in cash. The children ate the same 
kinds of food M the lest of the family. In addition to the food mate- 
rials enumerated below. 10 cents' worth of tea. 1 cent's worth of salt, 
a d I cents 1 worth of baking powder were used during the week. 
The nnmbei of meals taken was as follows: 

Meals. 
M;m 21 

w :m (18 meala • 0.8 in.iii ..r man |, equivalent to 13 

girle, 12 and 10 yean 12 meala 0.6 meal of man), equivalent t<>. 25 



rotal nnmbei of meala taken equivalent to 

Equivalent t<> l man 20 d 
Following are the details of the dietary Btndy: 

i 17.— Dietary $tudy of a negro family in Hampton, I". \". 938) 

l: ii. 1 1 ii. n hi number* in parentheses, see Appendix, p. 43.] 



V.. 



i • omposition of food pi r man per day, 



amounts of food consumed during 
tin study iT daj -p. 



\NIMAI 

• Iced 

-i.l. (with ri 

' 



Protein. 



Carbohy- 
drates. 



Fuel 
value. 



1,049 





4.4 

- 1 
1.0 


IS 

58 

1 


IT.'. 
Ill 






1 

d meal, 15 His.. 

- _ 
molai 


2. 045 




4.1 

- ' 


7i 


19 

ioT 


4»4 
48T 


2. 400 











IUK'I AIJV STUDY No. 239. 

This Btndy, which was of 7 days' duration, began with dinner dune 
13, L898. The family consisted of the mother, 58 years of age; two 
d;iu.i;hters of 30 and 17 years, respectively; a son 21 years of age ; three 
granddaughters, 12, 8, and years of age, respectively ; and a grandson, 



37 

an infant, of 7 months. The daughter, 3u years of age. weighed 120 
pounds, anil the sou. 21 years of age. 140 pounds. The weights of the 
other members of the family could not be obtained. The n. other owned 
3 acres of land and the house of 4 rooms in which they live PI. Ill, tig. 
2). This was built with the aid of a loan of §100 from a building and 
loan association. The mother earned 50 cents a day by doing house 
work, and paid 4(» cents a week to the loan association. Her oldest 
daughter was shittless and did not care to work. The son farmed the 
3 acres of laud which they owned, and in addition a tract of 5 acres, 
which was rented. The live stock consisted of a cow. a pig. and some 
chickens. Most of the eggs obtained were sold. Part of the milk was 
made into butter, a portion of which was sold. In audition to the food 
lis enumerated below, 10 cents" worth of tea. 2 cents* worth of 
;id 1 cent's worth of baking powder were used in the study. 
I - number of meals taken was as follows : 

Two men _ 1 

Two women (34 meals X 0.8 meal of mau | . equivalent to 27 

Girl. 17 years I 20 meals X 0.7 meal of man, equivalent to 14 

Girl, 12 years 21 meals x 0.6 meal of ruan >. equivalent to 13 

Two girls, 8 and 6 years > 42 meals X 0.5 meal of man ), e [or .21 

Infant (21 meals X 0.3 meal of man . otto 6 

Man visitor 1 

Total number of meals taken equivalent to - 103 

Equivalent to 1 man 54 days. 

The details of the study are given in the following table: 

Tablk 18. — Dietary study of a negro family in Hamjjion. Va 

I r.lanaiion of numbers in parentheses, see Appendix 43.] 



Kinds and total amounts of food consumed during 
£b study (7 


f . I compos; 


" 


per day. 


: si 


: : - .... 


Far. 


- 
drates. 


Fuel - 
value. 


ASM L 7 : 

Paek - -'.: --. .-:- " - ; 1 . - - ." 21bs 12 


- 

1.3 

X 

1.1 


6 

12 
9 

& 


- 

79 
5 




<"a 7 crieg. 


Ksli SaKl rring £ lbs. 6 oz., 12 cf s. i 

Eggs " " 

Dairy products: A. ilk. 20 lbs. 6 oz.. 71 cr- " 
butter. 7 oz.. - - 52 


96 




112 




U 


243 




5.1 




HW 


M 








ve jetai l:-: : 

Cereals: Dora meal li lba -^ -. 57» : nonr 11| 
lbs., 40ets. (61); rice, 5| lbs --. te 


3.1 
. 5 


... 




349 ' 


1.766 




i 












Total vegetable food 




*S 


:' 


393 






; : 




- 


407 


::. 160 





DIETARY STUDY N< 2*0. 

This study began with dinner on June 21 > 189S, and continued 3 days. 
The family consisted of the father. 42 years old: the mother. 44 years 
old: a son. 23 years old : a ward. 1_' years of age: and two visitors, i. e., 



38 

:i niece of the father, 23 years of age, and her daughter, 2 years of age. 
The weights «»t' the family were 10."), I7f>, 186, 75, 140, and 3f> pounds, 
respectively. This family is regarded as a fair representative of the 
better class of negro farmers. They owned .">{ acres of land and rented 
I acres in addition, paying 12 per Rcre. They also owned their house 
ol «'• rooms. The father was a carpenter, but also worked on the farm. 
The son was a teamster and earned $3 a day. The mother worked out 
,i part of «>ne day each week and received .">(> cents. The live stock 
consisted of i' horses, 1 pig, and so chickens. With the exception of 
the father the bealth of the family was good. The duration of this 
study was too short to give the most satisfactory idea of the food cou- 

Bnmptii I i his family. It had been intended to make the study of a 

week's duration, hut circumstances prevented. It does, however, give 
some idea of the food habits of this family. In addition to the mate- 
rials enumerated in the following table^ 5 cents' worth of tea, 5 cents' 
worth of coffee, 1 cent's worth of mustard, and .'! cents' worth of pep- 
per were used during the ■"> days the study continued. 
The number of meals taken was as follows: 

Meals. 

Two men 18 

Pwo women 17 meals ■ 0.8 meal of man), equivalent to 13 

Girl, 12 yeai 0.6 al of man), equivalent to 5 

child. 2 yean 9 meals • 0.<l meal of man), equivalent to I 



Total number of meals taken equivalent to 10 

Equivalent t.> l man 13 <lays. 

The following table gives the details of the dietary study: 

I m.i.i 19. Dietary Btiidy of a negro family neai Hampton, Va. (No. ?40). 

I ..i . \|. lan.it inn of numbers in pan-nt Im-m- set Lppendix, p. 43.] 



r.,-1 .- 1 1 ,< l composition of food per man per day. 



tmounta ol food i 
he stinh (3 dav« 



iMM \l I ■ w| 



]•■<■> i Corned, l lb., 16 et*. (1 

Pork: Salt dried. 1^ lbs. n eta. (24); ham, 2 lbs., 10 
. ots (19) . home bacon, l lb., m ot8. (24); lard, 

1 lb., 8 eta. (21) 

Poultry: Dr< Baed cbicki-n I lb.Ooz 20 eta. (31) 

-..n. L". ili- L2cta.(47); tront,4lbs.,18cts. (47) 

lba.2oc . 17 els. (50) 

products: Milk, 2 lbs. 14 oz., 9 cts. (55); batter, 




Total animal food 

\ I . IS I ■ u-.i.K FOOD. 

Cereals: Oa1 flakes 10 os 4 ots. (59); corn iueal, I0j 

Hi-.. :.") els. (57); Hour. 4.', II.-.. 17 els. (CI) ... 

mi<I starches: Sugar, 2 lbs. oz., 14 eta. (69) . 

ibles: Cabbage, 4J lbs., 7 cts. (78) 

Fruits: Blackberries. 1; lbs., 5 cts. (102): canned 
peaches, 1 lb.Soa.,7 cts. (108); dried peacbi - 
lo ots. ( 109) 



Total vegetable food. 

Total food 



(',,-1 


Protein. 

Orams. 

10 

20 

7 
2:i 
Id 


Fat. 


Carbohy- 
drates. 


Fuel 
value. 


1 • ute. 
1.2 


drams. 


115 


(,rn me. 


Calories. 

88 


4.2 
1.5 
2.3 
1.3 










2 

8 




113 
115 




39 
DISCUSSION or RESULTS. 

TTith the exception of the investigation made with the negroes near 
Tnskegee, Ala., there has been little detailed study of the food con- 
sumption of the colored population of the United States. In food 
investigations carried on by Miss Shapleigh 1 among the very pooi in 
Philadelphia, the food habits of a few negTO families were studied. In 
investigations carried on near Tnskegee. some of the families studied had 
been under the influence of Tnskegee Institute, and their food habits 
and methods of living had been considerably altered, resembling more 
nearly those of the ordinary American family. Other families whose 
diets were studied might be considered as fairly representative of negro 
families in regions remote from such influence. In such cases the food 
consisted largely of bacon, flour, corn meal, and molasses. The dietary 
studies in Virginia reported above were made under conditions quite 
similar to those existing in Alabama. Some of the families studied had 
been under the beneficent influence of Hampton Xornial Institute, and. 
as in the case of families under similar conditions near Tnskegee. their 
living habits were found to differ largely from those of the families 
studied in regions more remote, or those who had not been under the 
influence of the Institute. 

In order the better to compare the results of these investigations with 
the general results of dietary studies made in Alabama, and with aver- 
ages of investigations among white families of different incomes and 
social conditions in the United States, reference may be made to the 
following table: 



Table 20.- 



-Co*t. nutrient*, and fuel value of food per man per day in dietary studies ■a 
Virginia and elsewhere. 



Cost. Protein. 



Carbohy- Fuel 

valoe. 



ill 
:;- 
-:: 
.:= 
_:: 

— : 
__l 

--- 
2 : 

- " 

- ■ 



METABIES OF >EGBOE< IS TTEGI5TA. 

Dietary of a negro family near Franklin 
do . 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 



Grant* 
131 
141 
167 



__ 



Li 

:: 



Calories. 
3,245 
3,145 
4.075 

1.880 
3.000 
5 350 
2,680 



...-do 


ie 


140 


21 


51 


4.635 


...do 


n 


117 


Sir, 


. - 


5. 065 


...do 


6 


114 


15:j 


\ 


.- 


- .-do - - 


13 


117 




410 


i - 


Dietarv of a ne^ro famiiv in Hampton. Va . . 


21 


133 


135 


506 


3. 875 


Dietary of a negro family near Hampton. Va. 


15 


1 i 




34G 


3.360 




12 
il 


! ' 


110 
152 


371 
574 


3. 12'.* 


Dietarv of a nearo famiiv in Hampton. T a .. 


4,200 


....do'. 




74 


104 


!8J 


4,090 


....do 






123 




3,160 


Dietary of a negro family near Hampton. Va. 


18 


'-- 


182 


542 


4.455 


Average of 19negro families in Virginia . 


11 


: 


159 


444 


3. 745 



Partial Report of Dnttou Fellow, liege Settlements Association, 1893-03. 



40 



Table 20. — Cost, nutrients, and fuel value of food per man per day 'n> dietary studies in 
Virginia and elsewhere —Continued. 



■- . 
~- z 

- / 

n 




Cost. 


Protein. 


Y Carbohy- Fuel 
' • drates'. value. 


132 


DIETARIES OF NEGROES IN ALABAMA; 


Cents. 
4 

11 
5 
12 

8 


Grains. 
26 
99 
31 

93 
02 


(ham*. Cams. Calories. 
8:5 225 1.800 


104 




252 666 
27 304 1,625 


137 




10:j 




283 049 5. 070 




A verage of 20 negro families in Alabama 

AVERAGES OF OTHEB DIETARIES. 

Average of 4 Mexican families in NewMexico 


132 4oG :;. 270 




8 
19 


94 
103 
97 

104 


71 610 3,550 
150 4112 3,405 






130 467 3,515 




Average of 14 professional men's families ... 
Tentative standard forman at moderate work 


28 


125 423 3. 325 




125 




3,500 









The cost of the food consumed per man per day in the 19 studies here 
reported varied from 4 to 21 cents. The corresponding range in cost 
among the negro families studied in Alabama was from 3 to 20 cents, 
averaging 8 cents. The protein among the families in Virginia ranged 
from 55 to 169 grams, averaging 109 grams per man per day, while the 
protein in the Alabama dietaries ranged from 2G to 99 grams, averaging 
62 grams per man per day. The energy in the daily food ranged from 
1,880 to 5,350 calories among the families in Virginia, while the studies 
made in Alabama showed a range of fuel value from 1,625 to 5,670 
calories. 

Tt is noteworthy that the average amount of protein in the dietaries 
of negro families in Virginia was as large or larger than the average 
amount found in the daily diet of white persons in moderately com- 
fortable circumstances, such as families of mechanics and families 
of professional men, and was very nearly as large as that called for 
in the tentative American standard, namely, 125 grams per man per 
day. The reason for the larger amount of protein in negro families in 
Virginia as compared with those in Alabama is doubtless due to the 
close proximity of salt water, which made fish an important article of 
diet. Among the families studied near Franklin, salt herring were 
used to a large extent. In the families studied near Hampton large 
amounts of various fresh fish were used. In fact, of the 19 families 
studied there were but two who did not consume at least one meal of 
fish during the time of the dietary. The relative importance of fish in 
the diet of these people maybe illustrated by the fact that in one 
instance nearly 50 per cent of the total protein of the food was fur- 
nished by fish. As shown by the average results for the 19 families, 
over one fifth of the total protein of the food came from this source. 

in the investigations, both in Alabama and Virginia, the average 
fuel value of the food consumed per man per day is as large or larger 
than that found in the dietary studies among white families already 
mentioned. Thus, the average fuel value found in 19 studies in Vir- 



41 

ginia was 3,745 calories: that found in 20 studies in Alabama, 3,270; 
the average of 10 white families in New England and New York, 3,515 ; 
while the tentative standard for a man at moderate work calls for 
about 3,500 calories per day. 

From the above considerations it would seem that judging solely by 
the amount of nutrients the negro families in Virginia were on the 
average more abundantly fed than those studied in Alabama. The 
fuel value of the food was, if anything, more than sufficient for their 
daily needs, although the majority of the people studied were at active 
exercise in the fields. The quantity of protein was as large as is found 
in the average diet of the ordinary white person. Of course, nothing 
can be definitely said regarding the digestibility of the diet. It seems 
quite certain that coarse food materials, like corn meal, are less digesti- 
ble than the finer flours. Neither can anything be said concerning the 
effect of the preparation of the food and its attractiveness upon its 
digestibility. 

One point of considerable interest in connection with these studies 
is the small cost per man per day. For 11 cents the families in Vir- 
ginia obtained food materials furnishing more protein and more energy 
than was obtained for 28 cents by the families of professional men in 
comfortable circumstances, and for 19 cents by families of well-paid 
mechanics. However, the food would certainly seem less appetizing 
and would not suit families used to more elaborate living. 

The average food consumption found in four native Mexican families, 
resident in Xew Mexico, resembles quite nearly as regards protein and 
energy the food consumed by the negroes in Virginia. The character 
of the food materials was, however, widely different. The negroes lived 
largely on bacon, fish, and corn meal, the Mexicans on flour and frijoles, 
or other legumes, with a very little meat. 

It is interesting to note that in the negro families who had come 
more or less under the influence of Tuskegee and Hampton Normal 
institutes the diet was more or less modified. This is well illustrated 
by a comparison of dietaries No. 234 and No. 235, the details of which 
are given on pages 31 and 33, with the results obtained in some of the 
other studies. The diet of these families resembles quite closely that 
of the ordinary white family under similar conditions, both as regards 
variety of food materials and as regards the amounts of nutrients. 

Attention must be called to the fact that in dietary studies Nos. 234 
to 240, inclusive, no account was taken of the waste, -so that the calcu- 
lated nutrients per man per day include the waste as well as the food 
eaten. It is, however, improbable that there could have been any 
appreciable waste unless it be in the families of those persons whose 
diet was most varied. 

The range iu the quantity of nutrients per man per day in the dif- 
ferent studies is much larger than is ordinarily found among families 
in very much the same conditions as were the families studied. A pos- 
sible reason for this large variation was suggested by the observed 



42 

fact that when there was plenty of food on hand large quantities were 
consumed by the different families, after which, during a period of less 
plentiful food, much smaller amounts would be consumed, without 
apparent discomfort or ill results. 

The families studied in Virginia were believed to be representative 
of the negro population of the region, and to illustrate the methods of 
living of negro families of different conditions as regards income and 
education. It must be remembered, however, that the studies are few 
in number and more are needed before sweeping general deductions 
can be draw n. 



APPENDIX. 



As was explained on pages S awl 30, the foods consumed in the 
dietary studies reported in this bulletin were not analyzed. The 
majority of them were staple articles of diet whose composition has 
been found to vary but little. It was believed that the composition 
of such ioods could be accurately estimated from standard tables show- 
ing their average composition. The amount of other foods eaten was 
small, and it was thought that the composition of such articles could be 
estimated with sufficient accuracy from available data. The following- 
table shows the values which were used in calculating the composition 
of the different food materials. These figures are taken from Bulletin 
28, revised, of this Office, or from an earlier, unpublished revision of 
Bulletin 28. The numbers in parentheses following the weights and 
cost of the different food materials in the tables recording the statistics 
of the individual dietaries (Xos. 1 to 20) refer to the corresponding 
numbers in the column headed -Beference number" in the table below, 
and indicate the average values used in calculating the amount of pro- 
tein, fat. and carbohydrates in each material used. 

Table 21. — Percentage '■ composition of food materials used in calculating the amount of 
nutrients consumed in the different dietary studies. 



Ret'. 
Xo. 


Kind of food material. 


Befnse. 


Water. 


Protein. 


Fat. 


Carbo- 
hydrates. 


Ash. 




A>HMAL FOOD. 

Beef: 


Per cent. 


Per cent. 
52. 5 
54.0 
14.9 
71.3 
56.2 
59.6 
67.9 
53.7 
57.9 
60.7 
73.5 
60.0 

0i~8 

17.8 
17.7 
43. 3 
40.7 
35.9 
13.9 


Per cent. 
28.2 
17.0 
4.7 
20.5 
16.4 
17.9 
19.6 
26.4 
16.6 
19.0 
23.2 
18.7 

7.T 

10.6 
8.4 
19.5 
15.8 
14.1 
7.5 


Per cent. 
15.8 
19. 
80.2 

4.7 

6.9 
20.6 
11.6 

6.9 
10.0 
12. - 

2.5 
17.6 
100.0 

1.7 

68.0 
72. 2 

39^1 
33.2 
66.1 
100.0 
4.5 
66.8 
62.5 
71.7 
26.6 
32.5 
44.2 
32.5 


Per cent. 


Per ct. 

4.2 


2 


Flank 


10.2 










4 


Liver 

Potroast (second cut round) 

Scraps 

Shoulder bone 

Snioked 


"""19.5 

4.7 
15. 2 

" "62.T 


,.a 


1.6 
.9 


6 






8 





.9 
8.9 


9 






10 


Steak, round 

Do 

Sausage, bologna 

Drippings and cottolene 

Veal, liind shank 

Pork: 

Baron 






11 
12 




1.2 
3.7 


13 






14 

15 
16 




.4 

4.4 

3.4 


18 


Crackling a 

Ham. smoked 

Do 


i2."e" 

7. 8 




3.3 
4.7 


19 






20 






21 








22 
23 


Liver or haslet 


8.T 

8.1 

is. 2 


71.4 
15.9 
16.4 
15.1 
36.8 
45.0 
39.8 
46.2 


21.3 

7.1 
9.3 
S.2 
13.0 
15.9 
13.0 
17.4 


1.4 


1.4 
9 7 


24 


. Pork, side smoked vith rib 

Pork, salt sides, or native bacon. 

Shoulder, cured 

Shoulder, smoked 

Sausage 

Sausage meat 




25 




5.0 


26 




5.5 


27 






28 




9 9 


29 




3.4 




43 





44 

entage composition of food materials used in calculating the amount of 
nutrients consumed in the different dietary ntndies — Continued. 




45 

Tablk 21. — Percentage composition of food materials used in calculating the amount of 
nutrients consumed in the different dietary studies — Continued. 



I-!::. : :::"--.. :-::-". 



"Water. 



Carbo- 
hydrates. 



VEGETABLE F-jOD — continued. 

• Fruits: Percent. P>- 

100 Apples 25.0 62.9 

101 Apples, dried 28.1 

i"2 Blackberries, home canned 40. 

US Cherries 

104 Citron, preserved S 19.0 

105 Huckleberries 82.4 

106 Lemons 30.0 62.5! 

::7 Oranges 27.0 | 64.5 

108 Peaches, canned 83.1 

109 Peaches, dried a 29.4 

110 Pears, canned 81. 1 

111 Pears.drieda 28.1 

112 Strawberries 90.4 



8 
1.2 



Per cent. 
.4 

2.2 
2.1 

1.5 



Per cent. , 
11.2 

66.1 . 
56.4 

17. 2 
75.1 
13.5! 

5.8 ! 



18.0 
66.1 
7.3 



2.4 

.3 

- - 



a Composition assumed. 



ltMr'07 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 




